Which of the following questions can be answered using observation notes?

Observation notes are a fundamental tool used in early childhood education to capture children's behavior, interactions, and activities in real time. Among the options presented, the question about what theories children are exploring through their play can be effectively answered through careful and thoughtful observation.

When educators observe children during play, they can gather insights into the cognitive and social development of each child. Observing how children interact with various materials, their peers, and their environment allows educators to identify the underlying theories they may be exploring, such as problem-solving, social cooperation, or imaginative scenarios. For instance, a child engaging in cooperative play might be showcasing social theories related to collaboration and communication, while another child manipulating building blocks may be experimenting with concepts of balance and gravity.

The other options pertain to broader themes such as required academic skills, parental engagement, and administrative policies, which typically rely on different methods of data collection such as assessments, surveys, or policy reviews rather than direct observation notes. Therefore, the use of observation notes is most aligned with understanding the theories children explore through their play, making it the most fitting choice.